The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. (Goleman, 1991) This has many practical implications. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. To achieve consonance, something has to give. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? In groupthink, members of the group______. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. (p.3). We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. 109 0 obj <>stream 2. %%EOF To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Take it with you wherever you go. 1. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. %%EOF /ImageI This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Nicole will probably experience. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. June 22, 2015 The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. >> His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. /L 680077 This is. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. 0000094931 00000 n Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. These are: 1. trailer 3. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. New York Times, p.C1. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. New York: Harper & Row. Introducing Cram Folders! Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." <> He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. 0000000609 00000 n Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. New York: Harper & Row. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. endobj The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: Her improved performance is an example of. Scott, W. A. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? How are these 100 people likely to respond? While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. 3. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Scott, W. A. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. [/PDF 0000000974 00000 n They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. 0000012870 00000 n Sandy was using_______ processing. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. & KING, B.T. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). This is an example of which rule of attraction? Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. There is another possible way, however. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. OP>$O '@n#} C If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. In the . 1959. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance.
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